Framing the World XCVI edition

The main news from the world

  Articoli (Articles)
  Redazione
  21 November 2022
  25 minutes, 3 seconds

Framing The World, XCVI Edition

In the new issue of Framing we deal with the opening of the 2022 World Cup in Qatar. We then analyze the investigations underway to reconstruct the missile strike in Poland and, in addition, we describe the US midterm elections. All this and more in the 96th issue of Framing the World!

HUMAN RIGHTS

ECONOMICS AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

NORTH AMERICA

LATIN AMERICA

ASIA AND THE FAR EAST

WESTERN EUROPE AND EUROPEAN UNION

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND RUSSIA

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA)

TERRORISM AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY



HUMAN RIGHTS

Afghanistan, Taliban ban women from parks and gyms. In Kabul, women are suffering the umpteenth crackdown on rights and freedom since the religious group took power in August 2021. In fact, the ban prohibits the entry in funfairs and public parks for an unspecified period of time. A spokesman from the Ministry of Vice and Virtue said that the ban has been introduced because women were not wearing their hijab and people were ignoring gender segregation orders. Currently women in Afghanistan cannot travel without a male relative and are obliged to wear the hijab or the burqa whenever they’re out of their house. Taliban have banned girls from middle school and high school other than having limited women’s access in multiple fields of labor.

(Chiara Giovannoni)

The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) adopts the Buenos Aires Commitment. On the 11th of November, at the conclusion of the 15th session of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean held in Buenos Aires, the 46 member countries of ECLAC committed to “adopting regulatory frameworks that ensure the right to care through the implementation of comprehensive care policies and systems from a gender, intersectional, intercultural and human rights perspective”. Of particular importance is point 14, which recognizes “the importance for persons with disabilities of their individual autonomy and independence, including the freedom to make their own choices”. This commitment represents an important step forward for the countries in the Region in achieving a more equal and caring society.

(Lorenzo Franceschetti)

Iran, police opened fire and beat women who were not wearing mandatory hair coverings. On videos shared on social media, one can see passengers running, falling and being trampled. This is what happened on Teheran metro station in response to the riots that started after the death of Mahsa Amini. Manifestations, that have recently entered in their third month of action, are taking place also in the metro station where the crowd has started singing anti-government slogans during rush hour. According to the Iranian Ong Iran Human Rights, from the beginning of the manifestations, around 342 people have died, 43 were children. The riots have intensified last week to commemorate “Bloody November”, in 2019 when hundreds of people were killed during manifestations against raising fuel prices.

(Chiara Giovannoni)

Qatar, World Cup ambassador says homosexuality is “damage in the mind”. “During the World Cup, many things will come to the Country. Let’s talk about gays”. This is what Khalid Salman, former Qatar international footballer, said in an interview with the German broadcaster ZDF. He then underlined the fact that homosexuals are welcomed in Qatar, but they will have to accept the Country’s rules. One of his principal concerns is that children may learn something that is not good. Homosexuality in the Country is strictly banned, and it is punished with several years of reclusion. There are now concerns about LGBTQ tourists attending the World Cup.

(Chiara Giovannoni)

Kuwait, seven people executed. On the 16th of November, five years after the last time, the Kuwaiti authorities sentenced four Kuwaitis (three men and one woman), a Syrian, a Pakistani and an Ethiopian woman to death for the crime of murder. A spokesman for the sheikhdom's national prosecutor's office said that capital punishment should serve as a “deterrent” and was 'a legitimate form of retribution' for murder victims. Immediate condemnation from the European Union, which is threatening retaliation, including blocking the entry visa process, which would have ensured that Gulf citizens could enter the EU without needing a Schengen visa (currently compulsory). Amnesty International, through its deputy regional director for the Middle East and North Africa, also condemned the incident, pointing out that "the death penalty violation of the right to life and the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment.

(Lorenzo Franceschetti)



Lorenzo Franceschetti and Chiara Giovannoni



ECONOMICS AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE

FTX, $10 billion disappeared. FTX's initial problem, namely Binance's loss of confidence in the FTX token after a CoinDesk article, and the ensuing bank run by people who held wallets on the platform revealed FTX's lack of liquidity. Binance initially agreed to save FTX by purchasing it but the deal fell through after the revelation that several federal agencies were investigating the company. It was later revealed how FTX improperly loaned $10 billion of customer funds to a sister company (Alameda Research), which then "lost" them in bad investments and personal loans to FTX's founders. The company is now in a state of bankruptcy and new CEO and liquidator John Ray III (former liquidator of Enron), wrote in a filing with the U.S. bankruptcy court in Delaware that he has never seen “a complete failure of corporate controls [...] as occurred here”.

Inflation, good news. For the first time since last July, inflation appears to be loosening its grip on the U.S. economy as evidenced by data on consumer and producer prices. The CPI index in October on a monthly basis rose the same as in September (+0.4%) and less than forecast (+0.6%). On an annual basis it slowed from 8.2% to 7.7%, while excluding food and energy the figure slipped from 6.6% to 6.3%. The markets' reaction was euphoric, to say the least (Dow Jones +3.7%, S&P +5.5%, Nasdaq +7.3%), boosted by companies such as Apple, Microsoft, and Intel up 8%. Optimism was then confirmed by producer prices (PPI), also unchanged from September (+0.2%) and below forecast on a monthly basis and slowing to +8% (from +8.4%) on an annual basis.



Inflation, the Fed's reaction. Inflation data have given financial markets a lift for one simple reason: the expectation that the Federal Reserve and other central banks will begin to evaluate tapering interest rate hikes and potentially reach a terminal rate that is not as high as feared. However, Fed members are suggesting a very cautious approach, as expressed by San Francisco Fed President Mary Daly ("one month of data is not a victory"), Cleveland Fed President Loretta Mester ("inflation is still unacceptably high") and Kansas City Fed President Esther George (inflation is still "uncomfortably close" to 41-year highs), while St. Louis Fed President James Bullard favors keeping raising interest rates, possibly as high as 7%.

UK, the start of a recession? The U.K. economy contracted during the third quarter by 0.7% year-on-year, the first negative figure since the beginning of 2021 and, according to the Bank of England, the marker of the onset of a potentially deep (up to -2.9%) and long-lasting (until 2024) recession. The causes behind this figure are to be sought in the high prices of energy products and the raising of interest rates to tackle inflation, but also in the period of mourning following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, which has significantly reduced economic activity. The UK is now the only developed country that has not recovered its pre-covid GDP levels, standing at -0.4% over Q4 2019 (US at +6.3%, Italy at +1.8%, France at +1.1%), and if the BOE forecasts are to be trusted these will not be reached until 2026 or later.

Technology, the layoffs begin. If the U.S. labor market is still very solid, the same cannot be said of the technology sector, which after years of double-digit growth, including and especially during the pandemic, has reversed course and started cutting jobs. Kicking things off was Twitter, where Elon Musk laid off half the employees (about 3700) shortly after taking over the social network on both economic and "ideological" grounds. Zuckerberg then announced, after extremely disappointing quarterly figures, that Meta Platforms will lay off more than 11,000 employees (13% of the total) in an effort to reduce costs, which have reached more than $30 billion annually. To top it off, even Amazon has begun a cost optimization process and will cut 10,000 people in loss-making divisions such as its digital assistant Alexa, after hiring more than 700,000 people from 2019 to date.

Leonardo Aldeghi



SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Mozambique, first shipment of GNL of ENI production arriving in Europe. The first shipment of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is en route to Europe from Mozambique. This was announced jointly to ENI and Mozambican President Filipe Nyusi last Sunday. This is the first shipment of LNG produced in the much-discussed province of Cabo Delgado by the Coral Sul FLNG plant of ENI. It is, therefore, part of a large-scale project, in collaboration with many European partners, designed to cope with and contribute to European energy security. "It is with great honor that I announce the start of the first export of Liquefied Natural Gas, produced in the Rovuma basin in Mozambique by the Coral Sul FLNG project."

(Giulio Ciofini)

Uganda, more than 1000 soldiers sent to Congo against the rebels. By the end of November, about a thousand soldiers will be deployed from Uganda in the province of Ituri, in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The decision by the Ugandan government follows that of neighboring Kenya in an attempt to help the troubled Central African country to fight the rebel group M23. The military is part of the forces deployed by the East African Community and will therefore be used to stop the rebel advance in Guma. It should also be remembered that Uganda is already engaged in the region together with the DRC to combat the Ugandan Islamic group located in the eastern region of the Congo.

(Giulio Ciofini)

Kenya, $3 billion funding against drought. The chairman of the board of Afrexim, a major African bank, on the sidelines of a meeting with Kenyan leader William Ruto confirmed a major financing for Kenya. This, worth about $3 billion, is an economic development plan aimed at curbing the drought problem and combating climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa. The plan calls for creating facilities that will attract investors. In addition, funds will be used to implement water schemes based on private linkages and business incubators. The government has planned to build a hundred small dams, a project that will double irrigated areas in Kenya and have a significant impact on food production.

(Andrea Ghilardi)

Giulio Ciofini e Andrea Ghilardi



NORTH AMERICA

Usa, Midterm elections. Senate to the Democrats, House to the GOP. After the victory of the Democrats in the Senate, the Republicans regained the House after four years, reaching the 218 seats necessary for a majority. However, it still can be considered a small majority: according to projections, the Republicans should win between 218 and 223 seats out of 435. President Biden will have to deal with a split Congress.

White House 2024: Trump announces renomination. Donald Trump has announced his re-nomination for the American presidency, for the nomination of the Republican party, from his headquarters in Mar-a-Lago in Florida. Up to now, no one had ever taken the field as a candidate for the White House so early, two full years before the appointment with the polls. "The rescue begins now, to make America great and glorious again," said the tycoon.

Biden-Xi meeting at the G-20 in Bali. The summit between the American presidents Joe Biden and Chinese Xi Jinping lasted three hours. The two leaders spoke "straight" about Taiwan, Ukraine and the economy. This was reported by the White House, underlining that US Secretary of State Antony Blinken will soon visit China. Biden and Xi also agreed to restart talks between the two countries as part of international climate negotiations.

Federico Pani

LATIN AMERICA

Brazil, Lula's return to COP27. At the United Nations climate change conference, the new elected Brazilian president Lula gave a very successful speech. The President exposed the need to protect the Amazon forest, because without a healthy Amazon forest it is not possible to have a healthy world. This also passes through the main objective of his legislature: to reduce illegal deforestation. Lula's program is clear and the newspapers speak of a great return of Brazil on the international scene.

(Ludovica Costantini)

Haiti, is looking worse the situation in the country. More than 150 gangs are active in Haiti, and they are taking control of the entire country, as the government is losing power. The Crisis is involving the capital City Port au Prince, and now Haitian people are concerned for their life every day. The Haitian authorities have been accused of remaining passive and not taking control of the situation in order to prevent these crimes. The sanitary situation isn’t improving neither, as a new Cholera epidemic is spreading over the island.

(Francesco Andrea Rossi)

Mexico, announces a new committee for preventing climate change. In the Conference COP27 in Sharm el Sheik (Egypt) with climate change as a main topic organized by the United Nations, the foreign minister of Mexico, Marcelo Erbard, and the American delegate John Kerry announced important steps for preventing climate change. The Mexican Government is adopting new measures, with the objectives - in cooperation with the governments of the United States and Canada - of distributing and improving the solar panel present in the country, and to improve the national hydroelectric system, with an investment plan of 2 billion Dollars. These objectives are related to the main one, that is to keep the global temperature of 1.5 C degree, agreed in the Paris Agreement.

(Francesco Andrea Rossi)



Francesco Andrea Rossi and Ludovica Costantini



ASIA AND THE FAR EAST

China, Xi Jinping’s meetings during the G20. The 17th meeting of the Group of 20 (G20) in Bali, Indonesia held last week tackled an agenda made out of three main pillars: sustainable energy transition, global health and digital transformation. Many of Xi’s meetings with other national leaders have captured the public and medias’ attention. Among them, the video framing the Chinese leader confronting the Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau over a leaked discussion from the previous days. Xi Jinping has also held a bilateral meeting with the French president Emmanuel Macron, during which he communicated China’s position regarding the Ukrainian crisis as one that calls for peace negotiations. Beijing’s leader has also expressed his hopes that Paris can offer a fair, just and non-discriminatory business environment for Chinese companies.

Philippines, Kamala Harris to visit the South China Sea. Kamala Harris, Vice President of the United States, is expected to visit the Philippine Island chain of Palawan next week. The archipelago is adjacent to the disputed Spratly Islands, a group of islands in the South China Sea claimed by China and the Philippines. Harris will be the highest American official to set foot in Palawan Island, and a possible increase in the tensions between Washington and Beijing is expected. An anonymous spokesperson from the White House has remarked that the visit is set to express the American presence in the Indo-Pacific and their commitment to the security of their allies in the region. The South China Sea has become one of the main security hotspots worldwide, known for the disputes among six of its coastal states and for the assertiveness shown by China, which has often resulted in naval stand-offs and incidents.

ASEAN Summit: discussions over Myanmar, the Ukraine conflict and the inter-Korean rising tension. Cambodia’s capital Phnom Penh has hosted the ASEAN summit from the 10th to the 13th of November, the first in-person meeting of the 10-nation bloc since the Covid pandemic. Among the topics discussed by the leaders was the situation in Myanmar, a member of the organization, over which the countries were not able to agree. The deteriorating situation in Myanmar has been the object of international concern, described as a “never-ending nightmare” by the UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres. The Ukraine conflict was also at the center of the debates, as Kiev’s prime minister Dmytro Kuleba was present to sign the country’s application to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia. The rising tension in the Korean peninsula was also debated during the meeting, concerning the intensification of Missile testing from Pyongyang and the joint military exercise from South Korea and the U.S. as a response. Biden was also present at the beginning of the event calling for the launch of a new U.S.-ASEAN pact as an answer to the biggest issues of our time.

Laura Salvemini



WESTERN EUROPE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

European Union, pledges signed during COP27 to support green transition funds. During the Sharm El-Sheikh conference, the European Investment Fund (EIF), supported by InvestEU, signed pledges to support four funds for green transition and climate goals. InvestEU is the programme that provides the EU with long-term funding for sustainable growth and programmes such as the European Green Deal and the digital transition. The four funds that will be supported are: the Eiffel Fund for Transition Infrastructure, the PureTerra Ventures I Fund, the His Capital Impact III Fund and the Blue Fund for Growth I. This is an important step to accelerate the green transition in the EU.

European Union goals presented during the G20 in Bali. European Council President Charles Michel spoke on the first day of the G20 and outlined the European delegation’s objectives for the summit: isolating Russia, finding a balance in relations with China, and keeping cereal export channels from Ukraine open. Regarding China, Michel emphasised the importance of finding a balance in trade to prevent the EU from becoming too dependent on the innovative technologies it needs now and in the future. The EU also hopes to succeed in weakening ties between Russia and countries such as China and India.

France and UK sign agreement to limit cross-Channel migration flows. The two countries have signed a new agreement to counter cross-Channel crossings. The agreement foresees greater cooperation between the authorities of the two countries and that London will fund an increase in patrols on French beaches with around 60 million euros. In addition, for the first time, there will be British agents in French control rooms. Channel crossings of migrants are an issue that has been the cause of major tensions between the UK and France for years. Since January 2022, more than 40,000 people have landed in the UK, almost twice as many as in 2021. According to The Times, the measures in the agreement are unlikely to have any real effect.

Bianca Franzini

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND RUSSIA

Belarus, an investigation about forced labor in prisons has involved the colossus IKEA. On the 17th of November, the French DISCOSE – an independent non-profit newspaper – has published a report in which, through the analysis of several public documents, has shown how IKEA’s timber comes from the exploitation of prisoners in the Belarusian jails. Despite IKEA declares that none of its products comes from forcel labor, Disclose has reported that ten IKEA’s supplier would use as manpower for producing timber, the prisoners of at least five Belarusian carcels. Within these carcels have been found timber’s processing sites, which would produce intentionally in respecting IKEA’s standards; in order to appear elective to be suppliers for the Swedish colossus despite the exploitation of prisoners.

(Rosario Giorgio Maria Saffioti)

Poland, a missile strikes the national territory. Polish territory has been hit by a missile, indeed Poland found itself at the center of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict. There isn't enough evidence and proof that the missile was sent by Russia intentionally with the objective to strike a Country member of NATO, and it looks like that the Missile was Ukrainian, and it was launched for self-defense purposes. Other investigations are being held right now with the objective of finding out that the missile has hit the polish ground unintentionally. In the meantime, Poland requested to consult article 5 of the NATO Charter, that allows NATO countries to have further investigation.

(Francesco Andrea Rossi)

Moldova, the country risks an energetic crisis. Due to the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Moldova is risking new black outs as Russia is striking objectives that are close to the Moldavan border. The Foreign Minister of Moldova, Nicu Popescu, has declared that every objective that Russia strikes in the major Ukrainian cities provokes several consequences for Moldova too. Before, The Republic of Moldova was taking its energy from the neighboring country of Romania, however, now the wires that connect the two countries have been disconnected. The leading company of the country for the energetic security, Moldelectrica, has declared that the energetic market in Moldova is on Alert.

(Francesco Andrea Rossi)

Serbia, the country is looking for new energetic alliances. Traditionally close to Moscow and an important ally for Russia, Serbia is now trying to reduce the independence energy from Russia, as a consequence for the economic sanctions imposed on the Regime of Putin. Moreover, now Belgrade is expecting some restrictions into the national market,and is trying to retake a major control of the largest oil company in the country, the NIS, and other strategies could be to build stronger relations in the energetic fields with member countries of the European Union, mainly Hungary and Croatia, both close to Belgrade. The Serbian president Vučić has said that the Balkan country is prepared for everything.

(Francesco Andrea Rossi)

Ukraine, during the last weeks Russian bombings aimed at country’s energy resources. During the last weeks Russia bombed infrastructures, and energy centrals to make difficult for Ukraine to sustain the prolonging of the war. Because of these attacks, the capital city of Kyiv has been subject for almost an entire month to scheduled blackouts to ration and supply water and electric energy to the entire city. Moreover, because of these persisting attacks, during the 18th of November, the Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal Declared that almost half of the city’s energy system has been damaged.

(Rosario Giorgio Maria Saffioti)

Francesco Andrea Rossi and Rosario Giorgio Maria Saffioti

MIDDLE-EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA)

Qatar, the 2022 World Cup opens. The opening ceremony of the 2022 World Cup was celebrated on Sunday the 20th of November, for the first time in history in a Middle-Eastern Arab country. The major football competition is a fundamental success for the small Islamic emirate which has increased its soft power regionally and internationally. However, critical issues have been identified regarding the standard of human rights in the country, the exploitation of migrant workers for building activities and the ban on the sale of alcohol in stadiums. Qatari Foreign Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani called the criticisms, mostly coming from politicians from Western countries, "hypocritical" and worthless. Despite the demonization in progress - not considered as a priority during the signing of energy agreements with the emirate - 97% of the tickets have been sold and most of the buyers come from Europe. The boycott, for the Qatari government, would not take into account some important reforms that have taken place in the country, such as the abolition of the kafala system according to which the employee could not change occupation without the authorization of the employer (with huge impacts on personal freedom).

(Sara Oldani)

Lebanon, the institutional stalemate continues. The Lebanese Parliament failed to elect, for the sixth time, the new President of the Republic who should replace Michel Aoun, whose mandate expired at the end of October. To elect a new representative, the candidate must receive 2/3 of the votes of the 128 deputies: this is a difficult undertaking, given the tensions and the inability to create even a small coalition of power. The last session saw the winners of the blank ballots (equal to 46 votes), followed by 43 votes for Michel Moawad of the Independence Movement. The traditional Lebanese parties have not yet proposed a candidate for the presidency: the Lebanese Forces, the leading party in the last elections, would favor Moawad as he is against the hegemony of Hezbollah; the Free Patriotic Movement, a party founded by Aoun, has not officially indicated a candidate yet, but there are rumors regarding the aspirations of Gebran Massil, the former president's son-in-law. Hezbollah leader Nasrallah said he would support any president as long as he doesn't "stab his party in the back". A seventh parliamentary session is scheduled for next Thursday, but it is unlikely to produce any effect.

(Sara Oldani)

Algeria, application for membership of BRICS officially submitted. On the 7th of November 2022 the Algerian government officialised its membership application to BRICS, a geo-political forum that includes to this day Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The request followed the participation as a guest of the Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune, in the last BRICS summit of last June. Algeria is the third country, following Iran and Argentina, to express formally its willingness to join the group, while othersStates, among which stand out Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey (this latter a NATO member) just expressed their interest on an unofficial basis. That represents further evidence of the increasing appeal BRICS exert on the complex landscape of emerging countries: an alternative model of global governance that represents 45% of world population and one quarter of the planet GDP.

(Francesco Lorenzini)

Sara Oldani and Francesco Lorenzini

TERRORISM AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

North Korea, new missile test off the coast of Japan. Pyongyang reportedly tested a second intercontinental ballistic missile in less than a month, according to Japanese and South Korean authorities. In relation to the analyses conducted on the missile's trajectory and the weight of a possible weapon carried, at a different angle, the missile could have reached a lower altitude including a range of almost 15,000 kilometers away, thus coming to pose a threat to the United States itself. It was precisely the latter's increased military support for Tokyo and Seoul that was sharply criticized by the North Korean regime, which in response had threatened "fierce military action" on Thursday.

(Davide Shahhosseini)

Sweden, an act of sabotage behind Nord Stream pipeline leaks. According to findings acquired by Swedish intelligence, which headed the coordination of the investigation into the late September gas leaks in Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines, the leaks were allegedly caused by an obvious act of sabotage. Damage caused by explosive detonations was found at the site of the leaks; in addition, traces of explosive material were found on the pipes. However, the Scandinavian country's intelligence has made no statement regarding the alleged perpetrators.

(Davide Shahhosseini)

Burkina Faso, an anti-French demonstration in Ouagadougou. On 18th November several hundreds of people gathered in front of the French embassy in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso capital city, asking loudly for the departure of French military forces. The protesters, many of which weaved Russian Federation flags, were dispersed by security forces using tear gas. France is present in Burkina Faso with the Sabre task force, committed to fighting against the Islamist terrorist groups that are raging in large parts of the country. The demonstration is an expression of the widespread sentiment of distrust toward the former colonial power, accused of not being able to restore security while being in the field just for geopolitical interests. By contrast, it is growing the enthusiasm of the local population for the possible arrival of Russian military forces, on the lines of what has already happened in nearby Mali.

(Francesco Lorenzini)

Mali, the future of MINUSMA more uncertain than ever. There is a growing number of States which intend to withdraw from the United Nations peacekeeping mission in Mali, MINUSMA. The last country in chronological order is Great Britain that on 14th November declared the withdrawal of its contingent, composed of 300 men. The decision is motivated by the presence of Russian paramilitary forces in Mali, used by the ruling junta to fight against terrorist groups in the north of the country. Great Britain joins Sweden and Germany that already announced the intention of leaving the mission for the same reason. Even Ivory Coast is going to pull its 900 blue helmets back within August 2023: the decision is related to the ongoing tug of war between Bamako and Abidjan regarding the fate of 46 Ivorian soldiers arrested by Malian authorities since considered “mercenaries”. The weakening of MINUSMA fits in a particularly complex security framework, characterized by two coups d’état in three years and France's decision of ending the Barkhane operation in August 2023.

(Francesco Lorenzini)

Davide Shahhosseini and Francesco Lorenzini




Framing The World is a project conceived and created by the collaboration between members of the team of Mondo Internazionale associates.

Andrea Ghilardi: Sub-Saharan Africa

Bianca Franzini: Western Europe and the European Union

Chiara Giovannoni: Human Rights

Davide Shahhosseini: Terrorism and International Security

Elisa Maggiore: Latin America

Federico Pani: North America

Francesco Lorenzini: Middle East and North Africa, Terrorism and International Security

Francesco Rossi: Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe and Russia

Giulio Cofini: Sub-Saharan Africa

Laura Salvemini: Asia and the Far East

Leonardo Aldeghi: Economics and International Finance

Lorenzo Franceschetti: Human Rights

Ludovica Costantini: Latin America

Michele Magistretti: Middle-East and North Africa

Rosario Giorgio Maria Saffioti: Central and Eastern Europe and Russia

Samuele Abrami: Middle-East and North Africa

Sara Oldani: Middle-East and North-Africa, Terrorism and International Security



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